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mature updated: 2026-07-04
Bibliography
These are the sources cited in the book. The rule is strict: only what could be verified appears here, and every concrete figure is attributed to its source. Where a fact is an estimate or a design decision, the corresponding chapter says so.
Sociotechnical theory and participatory design
- Baxter, G. & Sommerville, I. (2011). “Socio-technical systems: From design methods to systems engineering.” Interacting with Computers. Iterative, user-involving sociotechnical design.
- Mumford, E. ETHICS method (participatory sociotechnical design). Design must involve those who are going to use the system.
- Trist, E. & Bamforth, K. (1951). “Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting.” Human Relations. Origin of sociotechnical theory; joint optimization of the social and technical subsystems.
SME AI adoption (processual STST)
- Amanollahnejad, A., Fosso-Wamba, S., Shabbir, M. S. & Pakseresht, A. (2026). “Aligning Socio-Technical Systems: Rethinking AI Adoption and Digital Transformation in SMEs.” Information Systems Management 43(2), 103–117. DOI 10.1080/10580530.2025.2612175. Qualitative study (27 UK SMEs): recursive/episodic adoption, technical bricolage, episodic leadership, productive misalignment. Geographic caveat: illustrative mechanisms, not automatic prediction for Latin America.
Organizational culture and digital transformation (emerging economies)
- Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh, M. (2026). “AI-Driven Digital Transformation and Organizational Culture Alignment in Emerging Economies: A Review of the Literature and Future Research Directions.” Zenodo. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18094050. SLR 2015–2023: triple constraint (infrastructure, talent, culture) in emerging economies; strategy–culture– technology alignment. Caveat: Zenodo preprint; do not cite aggregated r coefficients.
- Gupta, S., Bhardwaj, A. & Singh, R. (2020). “Digital transformation and organizational culture.” Journal of Business Research 121, 1–15.
- Vial, G. (2019). “Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda.” The Journal of Strategic Information Systems 28(2), 118–144.
- Henderson, J. C. & Venkatraman, N. (1993). “Strategic Alignment: Leveraging Information Technology for Transforming Organizations.” IBM Systems Journal 32(1), 4–16.
- Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
- Westerman, G., Bonnet, D. & McAfee, A. (2011). “The Digital Advantage.” MIT Sloan Management Review 52(2).
Sociology of technology
- Callon, M. (1986). “Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay.” In J. Law (ed.), Power, Action and Belief. The four moments of translation: problematization, interessement, enrolment and mobilization.
- Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social. Oxford University Press. Actor-network theory; the concept of translation (also developed by Callon, M., 1986).
Human-centered and responsible artificial intelligence
- Dignum, V. (2019). Responsible Artificial Intelligence. Springer. Systematization of responsible AI.
- O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction. The harm of opaque models that hide biases at scale.
- Shneiderman, B. (2020). “Human-Centered AI” (and the Oxford University Press book, 2022). Combining high automation with high human control.
Agentic sociotechnics and human-AI teams
- Donta, P. K. et al. (2025). “Socio-technical aspects of Agentic AI.” arXiv:2601.06064. DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2601.06064. First framework (MAD-BAD-SAD) to treat agentic systems as sociotechnical systems whose behavior is co-produced by algorithms, data, organizational practices, regulation and norms.
- Xu, W. & Gao, Z. (2024). “An intelligent sociotechnical systems (iSTS) framework: Enabling a hierarchical human-centered AI (hHCAI) approach.” arXiv:2401.03223. Extends Tavistock’s joint optimization across four levels: individual, organizational, ecosystem and societal.
- Masters, C. et al. (2025). “Orchestrating Human-AI Teams: The Manager Agent as a Unifying Research Challenge.” arXiv:2510.02557. Manager agents (GPT-5, 20 workflows) still fail to jointly optimize goals, constraints and runtime.
- Karpathy, A. (2025). “2025 LLM Year in Review.” Software 3.0 and context engineering: the context assembled for an agent matters more than the model.
Psychology of adoption
- Beane, M. (2024). The Skill Code: How to Save Human Ability in an Age of Intelligent Machines. Harper Business. The three C’s —challenge, complexity, connection— of the expert-novice bond; AI that absorbs entry-level tasks erodes skill formation.
- Gillespie, N., Lockey, S., Ward, T., Macdade, A. & Hassed, G. (2025). Trust, Attitudes and Use of Artificial Intelligence: A Global Study 2025. University of Melbourne & KPMG. n>48,000 across 47 countries: 66% use AI, 46% are willing to trust it; almost half use it against their organization’s policies.
- Dell’Acqua, F. et al. (2025). “The Cybernetic Teammate: A Field Experiment on Generative AI Reshaping Teamwork and Expertise.” NBER Working Paper 33641. DOI 10.3386/w33641. n=776 at Procter & Gamble: individuals with AI match teams without AI; AI breaks functional silos.
- Högemann, M., Hein, L., Britsche, J.-O. & Thomas, O. (2025). “Technostress and generative AI in the workplace: a qualitative analysis of young professionals.” Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 8, 1728881. DOI 10.3389/frai.2025.1728881. Gray-zone technostress: regulatory ambiguity, data protection, perceived dependence.
Data quality
- Redman, T. (2008). Data Driven. Harvard Business Press. Data quality as a problem of management and processes.
- Redman, T. (2017). “Seizing Opportunity in Data Quality.” MIT Sloan Management Review. Poor data quality costs most organizations between 15% and 25% of their revenue.
- Wang, R. & Strong, D. (1996). “Beyond Accuracy: What Data Quality Means to Data Consumers.” Journal of Management Information Systems. Data quality as fitness for use; contextual dimensions.
Maturity, absorption and diffusion
- Cohen, W. M. & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). “Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 35(1), 128–152. The capacity to absorb external knowledge depends on prior knowledge and is cumulative.
- Jöhnk, J., Weißert, M. & Wyrtki, K. (2021). “Ready or Not, AI Comes.” Business & Information Systems Engineering 63(1), 5–20. DOI 10.1007/s12599-020-00676-7. 18 factors of AI readiness across 5 categories.
- Moore, G. (1991). Crossing the Chasm. HarperBusiness. The “chasm” between early adopters and the early majority.
- Rogers, E. M. (1962; 5th ed. 2003). Diffusion of Innovations. Free Press. The S-shaped adoption curve, five adopter categories and five perceived attributes.
- Sadiq, R. B., Safie, N., Abd Rahman, A. H. & Goudarzi, S. (2021). “Artificial intelligence maturity model: a systematic literature review.” PeerJ Computer Science 7, e661. DOI 10.7717/peerj-cs.661. AI maturity literature is biased toward the technical and fewer than half the models report empirical validation.
- Heger, A. K., Passi, S., Dhanorkar, S., Kahn, Z., Wang, R. & Vorvoreanu, M. (2025). “Towards a Responsible AI Organizational Maturity Model.” Proc. ACM Human-Computer Interaction 9(7), CSCW. DOI 10.1145/3757514. 24 dimensions derived from more than ninety responsible-AI specialists.
Empirical evidence on the impact of AI
- Otis, N., Clarke, R., Delecourt, S., Holtz, D. & Koning, R. (2024). The Uneven Impact of Generative AI on Entrepreneurial Performance. Working paper, Harvard Business School / UC Berkeley Haas (SSRN 4671369). Experiment with 640 entrepreneurs in Kenya: high performers around +15%, low performers around −8%.
- UNCTAD (2025). Technology and Innovation Report 2025: Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development. Axes of infrastructure, data and skills; the “compute gap” for small businesses and low-income countries.
- Challapally, A., Pease, C., Raskar, R. & Chari, P. (2025). The GenAI Divide: State of AI in Business 2025. MIT Project NANDA (v0.1, preliminary). 95% of organizations get zero return from GenAI; the cause is an organizational learning gap, not the models. Preliminary report, not peer-reviewed.
- Brynjolfsson, E., Li, D. & Raymond, L. (2025). “Generative AI at Work.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 140(2), 889–942. DOI 10.1093/qje/qjae044. +15% cases resolved per hour in support; the least experienced workers improve most.
- McKinsey (2025). The State of AI in 2025: Agents, innovation, and transformation (November 2025). Only ≈6% of respondents attribute ≥5% of their EBIT to AI use; 39% report any EBIT impact.
- IBM (2025). Cost of a Data Breach Report 2025. Organizations with high levels of shadow AI see on average USD 670,000 more in breach cost; 1 in 5 suffered a shadow-AI breach. Industry report.
- Stanford HAI (2026). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2026. Annual state of the art; covers agentic AI within technical performance and economy.
- Anthropic (2026). Anthropic Economic Index (January 2026 report, November 2025 data). Augmentation 52% vs. automation 45%; time series, cite with date.
AI adoption in Latin America
- CEPAL (2024). AI penetration in Latin America below 4% (against more than 20% in Europe); in Brazil, 41% of large firms use AI versus 11% of small businesses.
- CEPAL. “Factores determinantes de la adopción de la IA en empresas: caso Brasil” (publication 81911). Source of the 41% large vs. 11% small businesses figure.
- CEPAL (2024). Overcoming Development Traps in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Digital Age. Corpus on digital government and State modernization.
- Jung, J. & Katz, R. (2024/2025). “Impacto económico de la inteligencia artificial en América Latina.” CEPAL (publication 81909).
- nodo nadIA (CEPE-UTDT + Fundar) (2025). National survey of AI adoption in Argentine small businesses (n=402). 41.6% use at least one AI; mostly basic tools; very low governance and internal capability indicators.
AI governance
- NIST (2023). AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). Four functions: Govern, Map, Measure, Manage.
- Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 — EU AI Act. In force since 1 August 2024; staggered application. Binding, with sanctions.
- OECD (2025). Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The State of Play and Way Forward in Core Government Functions. Around 200 government AI use cases; a three-pillar framework —enablers, guardrails, engagement— across eleven core functions.
- CEPAL & CENIA (2025). Latin American Artificial Intelligence Index (ILIA) 2025 (3rd ed.). 19 countries; classification into pioneers, adopters and explorers by ecosystem maturity.
Worker voice and codetermination
- Doellgast, V. & Geiser, S. (2025). Boosting U.S. Worker Power and Voice in the AI-Enabled Workplace. Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Works councils negotiating AI use in the German ICT industry after the 2021 reform of the works constitution act.
- NBER (2026). “Worker Voice and Firm Governance.” NBER Reporter, 2026, Number 1. State of the art on worker voice, works councils and codetermination.
Counterpoints from popular writing (between hype and anti-hype)
- Mollick, E. (2024). Co-Intelligence: Living and Working with AI. Portfolio / Penguin. Practical pro-adoption writing.
- Narayanan, A. & Kapoor, S. (2024). AI Snake Oil. Princeton University Press. Rigorous anti-hype: telling what AI can do from what it cannot.
- Narayanan, A. & Kapoor, S. (2025). “AI as Normal Technology.” Knight First Amendment Institute, Columbia. AI diffuses as normal technology, gradual and mediated by institutions —akin to adoption without teleology.
- Hoffman, R. & Beato, G. (2025). Superagency: What Could Possibly Go Right with Our AI Future. Authors Equity. Technological optimism about AI as an amplifier of agency.
- Bender, E. M. & Hanna, A. (2025). The AI Con. Harper. Critique of Big Tech hype.
- Bornet, P., Wirtz, J., Davenport, T. H., De Cremer, D. et al. (2025). Agentic Artificial Intelligence. World Scientific. A management overview of the agentic wave.
Organizational change
- Cummings, S., Bridgman, T. & Brown, K. G. (2016). “Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin’s legacy for change management.” Human Relations 69(1), 33–60. Documents that the unfreeze–change–refreeze model is a later canonization: Lewin never presented it as a closed model.
- Díaz Barrios, J. (2005). Cambio organizacional: una aproximación por valores. Values of integral change: communication, participation, learning.
- Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading Change. Harvard Business School Press. The eight steps of organizational change.
- Lewin, K. (1947). “Frontiers in Group Dynamics.” Human Relations 1(1). Basis of the three-moment model (unfreeze–change–refreeze), canonized afterwards.
Tacit knowledge and sensemaking
- Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company. Oxford University Press. Argues that a good part of tacit knowledge can indeed be made explicit and codified; cited as a deliberate counterpoint to Polanyi.
- Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. University of Chicago Press. “We know more than we can tell”: tacit knowledge is not entirely codifiable.
- Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in Organizations. Sage. Sensemaking is retrospective, social and prioritizes plausibility over accuracy.
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